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| Illustration shows the most important general imaging patterns in toxic and metabolic brain disorders. White areas = areas of involvement. These include symmetric basal ganglia and/or thalami involvement (axial view) (A); symmetric dentate nuclei involvement (axial view) (B); prominent cortical gray matter involvement (axial view) (C); symmetric periventricular white matter involvement (with gray matter sparing) (axial view) (D); corticospinal tract involvement (axial view) (E); corpus callosum involvement (coronal view) (F); asymmetric white matter involvement (demyelinating disease pattern) (axial view) (G); parieto-occipital subcortical vasogenic edema (axial view) (H); and central pons involvement (axial view) (I). |
Showing posts with label Gray Matter. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gray Matter. Show all posts
Imaging Patterns of Toxic and Metabolic Brain Disorders
Related publications: Brain volume/cerebrospinal fluid index (BV/CSF index) in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
BV/CSF index= (Total WM + Total GM) / Total spaces containing CSF
Background: Global brain atrophy is present in normal aging and different neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is becoming widely used to monitor disease progression. Summary: The brain volume/cerebrospinal fluid index (BV/CSF index) is validated in this study as a measurement of global brain atrophy. We tested the ability of the BV/CSF index to detect global brain atrophy, investigated the influence of confounders, provided normative values and cut-offs for mild, moderate and severe brain atrophy, and studied associations with different outcome variables. A total of 1,009 individuals were included [324 healthy controls, 408 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 277 patients with AD]. Magnetic resonance images were segmented using FreeSurfer, and the BV/CSF index was calculated and studied both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (1-year follow-up). Both AD patients and MCI patients who progressed to AD showed greater global brain atrophy compared to stable MCI patients and controls. Atrophy was associated with older age, larger intracranial volume, less education and presence of the ApoE ε4 allele. Significant correlations were found with clinical variables, CSF biomarkers and several cognitive tests. Key Messages: The BV/CSF index may be useful for staging individuals according to the degree of global brain atrophy, and for monitoring disease progression. It also shows potential for predicting clinical changes and for being used in the clinical routine.
Reference: Camila Orellana, Daniel Ferreira, J.-Sebastian Muehlboeck, Patrizia Mecocci, Bruno Vellas, Magda Tsolaki, Iwona Kłoszewska, Hilkka Soininen, Simon Lovestone, Andrew Simmons, Lars-Olof Wahlund, Eric WestmanMeasuring Global Brain Atrophy with the Brain Volume/Cerebrospinal Fluid Index: Normative Values, Cut-Offs and Clinical Associations. Neurodegener Dis (DOI: 10.1159/000442443)
Free Supplementary Material
Free Supplementary Material
Gray matter imaging in multiple sclerosis: the role of thalamus
Key points:
- GM damage in MS is common and widespread, especially in chronic MS;
- The underlying pathological correlates of GM damage in MS are different from WM damage;
- GM pathology is present in all stages of the disease, but is more prominent in SPMS and PPMS compared to RRMS;
- Although a relatively non-specific measure of overall pathology, GM atrophy measurements are reliable and robust and correlate strongly with disability and cognitive impairment (more so than WM atrophy);
- Non-neocortical GM damage is frequently detected in histopathological studies as well as on MRI;
- Thalamic abnormalities have been studied most extensively and were shown to correlate with clinical parameters;
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| Timeline of GM imaging in MS. A schematic overview of developments in the field of GM imaging in MS from the beginning of the 20th century until now. Taken from BMC Neurology 2011, 11:153 |
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| Subcortical GM damage in MS. Subcortical atrophy in HC and MS. Above: Effect sizes of subcortical atrophy in a cohort of 120 early RRMS patients, six years post-diagnosis. Below: Two examples of segmented subcortical structures in a healthy control (HC, above) and an age-matched RRMS patient (MS, below). Taken from BMC Neurology 2011, 11:153 |
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| Representative FIRST segmentation in a 47-year-old female patient with CIS (EDSS 1.5) on the left and a 47-year-old female patient with RRMS (EDSS 2.0) on the right. The colored regions represent thalamus (green), globus pallidus (dark blue), caudate (light blue), and putamen (magenta). Taken from AJNR 2012 33: 1573-1578 |
More info:
- thalamus.pdf Thalamus Tracing Guidelines - W. Ooteman, K. Cretsinger
- Mediodorsal_nucleus_tracing_thalamus.pdf Mediodorsal Nucleus Tracing Guidelines - S. Ziebel, K. Cretsinger
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