Key points:
- GM damage in MS is common and widespread, especially in chronic MS;
- The underlying pathological correlates of GM damage in MS are different from WM damage;
- GM pathology is present in all stages of the disease, but is more prominent in SPMS and PPMS compared to RRMS;
- Although a relatively non-specific measure of overall pathology, GM atrophy measurements are reliable and robust and correlate strongly with disability and cognitive impairment (more so than WM atrophy);
- Non-neocortical GM damage is frequently detected in histopathological studies as well as on MRI;
- Thalamic abnormalities have been studied most extensively and were shown to correlate with clinical parameters;
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| Timeline of GM imaging in MS. A schematic overview of developments in the field of GM imaging in MS from the beginning of the 20th century until now. Taken from BMC Neurology 2011, 11:153 |
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| Subcortical GM damage in MS. Subcortical atrophy in HC and MS. Above: Effect sizes of subcortical atrophy in a cohort of 120 early RRMS patients, six years post-diagnosis. Below: Two examples of segmented subcortical structures in a healthy control (HC, above) and an age-matched RRMS patient (MS, below). Taken from BMC Neurology 2011, 11:153 |
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| Representative FIRST segmentation in a 47-year-old female patient with CIS (EDSS 1.5) on the left and a 47-year-old female patient with RRMS (EDSS 2.0) on the right. The colored regions represent thalamus (green), globus pallidus (dark blue), caudate (light blue), and putamen (magenta). Taken from AJNR 2012 33: 1573-1578 |
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